国际标准分类法(International ClassificationforStandards,简称ICS)是国际标准化组织编制的标准文献分类法。 它主要用于国际标准、区域标准和国家标准以及相关标准化文献的分类、编目、订购与建库,从而促进国际标准、区域标准、国家标准以及其他标准化文献在世界范围的传播。
ICS代码 | 英文名称 | 中文名称 |
01 | GENERALITIES. TERMINOLOGY. STANDARDIZATION. DOCUMENTATION | 综合、术语学、标准化、文献 |
01.020 | Terminology (principles and coordination) | 术语学(原则与协调) |
01.040 | Vocabularies | 词汇 |
01.040.01 | Generalities. Terminology. Standardization. Documentation (Vocabularies) | 综合、术语学、标准化、文献 (词汇) |
01.040.03 | Sociology. Services. Company organization and management. Administration. Transport | 组织和管理社会学、服务、公司(企业) (词汇) |
01.040.07 | Mathematics. Natural sciences (Vocabularies) | 数学,自然科学 (词汇) |
01.040.11 | Health care technology (Vocabularies) | 医学卫生技术(词汇) |
01.040.13 | Environment and health protection. Safety (Vocabularies) | 环保、保健、安全 (词汇) |
01.040.17 | Metrology and measurement. Physical phenomena (Vocabularies) | 物理现象 (词汇) |
01.040.19 | Testing (Vocabularies) | 试验 (词汇) |
01.040.21 | Mechanical systems and components for general use (Vocabularies) | 机械系统和通用部件 (词汇) |
01.040.23 | Fluid systems and components for general use (Vocabularies) | 流体系统和通用部件 (词汇) |
01.040.25 | Manufacturing engineering (Vocabularies) | 机械制造 (词汇) |
01.040.27 | Energy and heat transfer engineering (Vocabularies) | 能源和热传导工程 (词汇) |
01.040.29 | Electrical engineering (Vocabularies) | 电气工程 (词汇) |
01.040.31 | Electronics (Vocabularies) | 电子学 (词汇) |
01.040.33 | Telecommunications. Audio and video engineering (Vocabularies) | 电信、音频和视频技术 (词汇) |
01.040.35 | Information technology. Office machines (Vocabularies) | 办公机械设备信息技术 (词汇) |
01.040.37 | Image technology (Vocabularies) | 成像技术 (词汇) |
01.040.39 | Precision mechanics. Jewelry (Vocabularies) | 精密机械,珠宝 (词汇) |
01.040.43 | Road vehicle engineering (Vocabularies) | 道路车辆工程 (词汇) |
01.040.45 | Railway engineering (Vocabularies) | 铁路工程 (词汇) |
01.040.47 | Shipbuilding and marine structures (Vocabularies) | 造船和海上建筑 (词汇) |
01.040.49 | &nbp;Aircraft and space vehicle engineering (Vocabularies) | 航空器和航天器技术 (词汇) |
01.040.53 | Materials handling equipment (Vocabularies) | 材料储运设备 (词汇) |
01.040.55 | Packaging and distribution of goods (Vocabularies) | 货物的包装和调运 |
01.040.59 | Textile and leather technology (Vocabularies) | 纺织和皮革技术 |
01.040.61 | Clothing industry (Vocabularies) | 服装工业(词汇) |
01.040.65 | Agriculture (Vocabularies) | 农业(词汇) |
01.040.67 | Food technology (Vocabularies) | 食品技术(词汇) |
01.040.71 | Chemical technology (Vocabularies) | 化工技术(词汇) |
01.040.73 | Mining and minerals (Vocabularies) | 采矿和矿产品(词汇) |
01.040.75 | Petroleum and related technologies (Vocabularies) | 石油及有关技术(词汇) |
01.040.77 | Metallurgy (Vocabularies) | 冶金(词汇) |
01.040.79 | Wood technology (Vocabularies) | 木材加工(词汇) |
01.040.81 | Glass and ceramics industries (Vocabularies) | 玻璃和陶瓷工业(词汇) |
01.040.83 | Rubber and plastics industries (Vocabularies) | 橡胶和塑料工业(词汇) |
01.040.85 | Paper technology (Vocabularies) | 造纸技术(词汇) |
01.040.87 | Paint and colour industries (Vocabularies) | 涂料和颜料工业(词汇) |
01.040.91 | Construction materials and building (Vocabularies) | 建筑材料和建筑物(词汇) |
01.040.93 | Civil engineering (Vocabularies) | 土木工程(词汇) |
01.040.95 | Military engineering (Vocabularies) | 军事工程 |
01.040.97 | Domestic and commercial equipment. Entertainment. Sport (Vocabularies) | 家用和商用设备、体育、文娱(词汇) |
01.060 | Quantities and units | 量和单位 |
01.070 | Colour coding | 颜色编码 |
01.075 | Character symbols | 字符符号 |
01.080 | Graphical symbols | 图形符号 |
01.080.01 | Graphical symbols in general | 图形符号综合 |
01.080.10 | Public information symbols | 公共信息符号 |
01.080.20 | Graphical symbols for use on specific equipment | 专用设备用图形符号 |
01.080.30 | Graphical symbols for use on mechanical engineering and construction drawings,diagrams, plans, maps and in relevant technical product documentation | 机械工程和建筑制图、图表、设计图、地图和相关的技术产品文件用图形 |
01.080.40 | Graphical symbols for use on electrical and electronics engineering drawings,diagrams,charts and in relevant technical product documentation | 电气工程和电子工程制图、示意图、图表和相关技术产品文件用图形符号 |
01.080.50 | Graphical symbols for use on information technology and telecommunications technical drawings and in relevant technical product documentation | 信息技术和电信技术制图与相关技术产品文件用图形符号 |
01.080.99 | Other graphical symbols | 其他图形符号 |
01.100 | Technical drawings | 技术制图 |
01.100.01 | Technical drawings in general | 技术制图综合 |
01.100.20 | Mechanical engineering drawings | 机械工程制图 |
01.100.25 | Electrical and electronics engineering drawings | 电气和电子工程制图 |
01.100.27 | Technical drawings for telecommunications and information technology fields | 信息技术和电信领域用技术制图 |
01.100.30 | Construction drawings | 工程建设制图 |
01.100.40 | Drawing equipment | 制图设备 |
01.100.99 | Other standards related to technical drawings | 其他制图标准 |
01.110 | Technical product documentation | 技术产品文件 |
01.120 | Standardization. General rules | 标准化总则 |
01.140 | Information sciences. Publishing | 信息学、出版 |
01.140.10 | Writing and transliteration | 文字字体与文字转写 |
01.140.20 | Information sciences | 信息学 |
01.140.30 | Documents in administration, commerce and industry | 行政管理、商业和工业文件 |
01.140.40 | Publishing | 出版 |
03 | SOCIOLOGY. SERVICES. COMPANY ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT.ADMINISTRATION. TRANSPORT | 社会学、服务、公司(企业)的组织和管理、行政、运输 |
03.020 | Sociology. Demography | 社会学、人口统计学 |
03.040 | Labour. Employment | 劳动、就业 |
03.060 | Finances. Banking. Monetary systems. Insurance | 金融、银行、货币体系、保险 |
03.080 | Services | 服务 |
03.080.01 | Services in general | 服务综合 |
03.080.10 | Industrial services | 工业服务 |
03.080.20 | Services for companies | 公司(企业)的服务 |
03.080.30 | Services for consumers | 消费者服务 |
03.080.99 | Other services | 其他服务 |
03.100 | Company organization and management | 公司(企业)的组织与管理 |
03.100.01 | Company organization and management in general | 公司(企业)的组织与管理综合 |
03.100.10 | Purchasing. Procurement. Management of stock | 订购、收购、仓库管理 |
03.100.20 | Trade. Commercial function. Marketing | 贸易、商业活动、市场营销 |
03.100.30 | Management of human resources | 劳动资源管理 |
03.100.40 | Research and development | 研究与开发 |
03.100.50 | Production. Production management | 生产、生产管理 |
03.100.60 | Accountancy | 会计 |
03.100.99 | Other standards related to company organization and management | 有关公司(企业)组织管理的其他标准 |
03.120 | Quality | 质量 |
03.120.01 | Quality in general | 质量综合 |
03.120.10 | Quality management and quality assurance | 质量管理和质量保证 |
03.120.20 | Product and company certification. Conformity assessment | 产品认证和机构认证、合格评定 |
03.120.30 | Application of statistical methods | 统计方法的应用 |
03.120.99 | Other standards related to quality | 有关质量的其他标准 |
03.140 | Patents. Intellectual property | 专利、知识产权 |
03.160 | Law. Administration | 法律、行政管理 |
03.180 | Education | 教育 |
03.200 | Leisure. Tourism | 娱乐、旅游 |
03.220 | Transport | 运输 |
03.220.01 | Transport in general | 运输综合 |
03.220.20 | Road transport | 道路运输 |
03.220.30 | Transport by rail | 铁路运输 |
03.220.40 | Transport by water | 水路运输 |
03.220.50 | Air transport | 航空运输 |
03.220.99 | Other forms of transport | 其他运输形式 |
03.240 | Postal services | 邮政服务 |
07 | MATHEMATICS. NATURAL SCIENCES | 数学、自然科学 |
07.020 | Mathematics | 数学 |
07.030 | Physics. Chemistry | 物理学、化学 |
07.040 | Astronomy. Geodesy. Geography | 天文学、大地测量学、地理学 |
07.060 | Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology | 地质学、气象学、水文学 |
07.080 | Biology. Botany. Zoology | 生物学、植物学、动物学 |
07.100 | Microbiology | 微生物学 |
07.100.01 | Microbiology in general | 微生物学综合 |
07.100.10 | Medical microbiology | 医学微生物学 |
07.100.20 | Microbiology of water | 水微生物学 |
07.100.30 | Food microbiology | 食品微生物学 |
07.100.99 | Other standards related to microbiology | 有关微生物学的其他标准 |
11 | HEALTH CARE TECHNOLOGY | 医药卫生技术 |
11.020 | Medical Sciences and health care facilities in general | 医学科学和保健装置综合 |
11.040 | Medical equipment | 医疗设备 |
11.040.01 | Medical equipment in general | 医疗设备综合 |
11.040.10 | Anaesthetic, respiratory and reanimation equipment | 麻醉、呼吸和复苏设备 |
11.040.20 | Transfusion, infusion and injection equipment | 输血、输液和注射设备 |
11.040.30 | Surgical instruments and materials | 外科器械和材料 |
11.040.40 | Implants for surgery, prosthetics and orthotics | 外科植入物、假体和矫形 |
11.040.50 | Radiographic equipment | 射线照相设备 |
11.040.55 | Diagnostic equipment | 诊断设备 |
11.040.60 | Therapy equipment | 治疗设备 |
11.040.70 | Ophthalmic equipment | 眼科设备 |
11.040.99 | Other medical equipment | 其他医疗设备 |
11.060 | Dentistry | 牙科 |
11.060.01 | Dentistry in general | 牙科综合 |
11.060.10 | Dental materials | 牙科材料 |
11.060.20 | Dental equipment | 牙科设备 |
11.080 | Sterilization and disinfection | 消毒和灭菌 |
11.080.01 | Sterilization and disinfection in general | 消毒和灭菌综合 |
11.080.10 | Sterilizing equipment | 消毒设备 |
11.080.20 | Disinfectants and antiseptics | 消毒剂和防腐剂 |
11.080.30 | sterilized packaging | 封装消毒 |
11.080.99 | Other standards related to sterilization and disinfection | 有关消毒和灭菌的其他标准 |
11.100 | Laboratory medicine | 实验室医学 |
11.120 | Pharmaceutics | 制药学 |
11.120.01 | Pharmaceutics in general | 制药学综合 |
11.120.10 | Medicaments | 药物 |
11.120.20 | Medical materials | 医用材料 |
11.120.99 | Other standards related to pharmaceutics | 有关制药学的其他标准 |
11.140 | Hospital equipment | 医院设备 |
11.160 | First aid | 急救 |
11.180 | Aids for disabled or handicapped persons | 残疾人用设备 |
11.200 | Birth control. Mechanical contraceptives | 人口控制、避孕器具 |
11.220 | Veterinary medicine | 兽医学 |
13 | ENVIRONMENT. HEALTH PROTECTION. SAFETY | 环保、保健与安全 |
13.020 | Environmental protection | 环境保护 |
13.020.01 | Environment and environmental protection in general | 环境和环境保护综合 |
13.020.10 | Environmental management | 环境管理 |
13.020.20 | Environmental economics | 环境经济 |
13.020.30 | Environmental impact assessment | 环境影响评定 |
13.020.40 | Pollution, pollution control and conservation | 污染、污染控制和保护 |
13.020.50 | Ecolabelling | 环境分类 |
13.020.60 | Product life-cycles | 产品寿命周期 |
13.020.70 | Environmental projects | 环境规划 |
13.020.99 | Other standards related to environmental protection | 有关环境的其他标准 |
13.030 | Wastes | 废物 |
13.030.01 | Wastes in general | 废物综合 |
13.030.10 | Solid wastes | 固态废物 |
13.030.20 | Liquid wastes. Sludge | 液态废物、污水 |
13.030.30 | Special wastes | 特殊废物 |
13.030.40 | Installations and equipment for waste disposal and treatment | 废物处置和处理设备与装置 |
13.030.50 | Recycling | 回收 |
13.030.99 | Other standards related to wastes | 有关废物的其他标准 |
13.040 | Air quality | 空气质量 |
13.040.01 | Air quality in general | 空气质量综合 |
13.040.20 | Ambient atmospheres | 环境空气 |
13.040.30 | Workplace atmospheres | 工作场所空气 |
13.040.40 | Stationary source emissions | 固定源排放限值 |
13.040.50 | Transport exhaust emissions | 移动源排放限值 |
13.040.99 | Other standards related to air quality | 有关空气质量的其他标准 |
13.060 | Water quality | 水质 |
13.060.01 | Water quality in general | 水质综合 |
13.060.10 | Water of natural resources | 天然水资源 |
13.060.20 | Drinking water | 饮用水 |
13.060.25 | Water for industrial use | 工业用水 |
13.060.30 | Sewage water | 污水 |
13.060.50 | Examination of water for chemical substances | 水的化学物质检验 |
13.060.60 | Examination of physical properties of water | 水的物理性质检验 |
13.060.70 | Examination of biological properties of water | 水的生物性质检验 |
13.060.99 | Other standards related to water quality | 有关水质的其他标准 |
13.080 | Soil quality. Pedology | 土质、土壤学 |
13.080.01 | Soil quality and pedology in general | 土质和土壤学综合 |
13.080.10 | Chemical characteristics of soils | 土壤的化学特性 |
13.080.20 | Physical properties of soils | 土壤的物理性质 |
13.080.30 | Biological properties of soils | 土壤的生物性质 |
13.080.40 | Hydrological properties of soils | 土壤的水文性质 |
13.080.99 | Other standards related to soils quality | 有关土质的其他标准 |
13.100 | Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene | 职业安全、工业卫生 |
13.110 | Safety of machinery | 机械安全 |
13.120 | Domestic safety | 家用品安全 |
13.140 | Noise with respect to human beings | 噪声(与人有关的) |
13.160 | Vibration and shock with respect to human beings | 振动和冲击(与人有关的) |
13.180 | Ergonomics | 人类工效学 |
13.200 | Accident and disaster control | 事故和灾害控制 |
13.220 | Protection against fire | 消防 |
13.220.01 | Protection against fire in general | 消防综合 |
13.220.10 | Fire-fighting | 灭火 |
13.220.20 | Fire-protection | 防火 |
13.220.40 | Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products | 材料和制品的阻燃性和燃烧性能 |
13.220.50 | Fire-resistance of building materials and elements | 建筑材料和构件的阻燃性 |
13.220.99 | Other standards related to protection against fire | 有关消防的其他标准 |
13.230 | Explosion protection | 防爆 |
13.240 | Protection against excessive pressure | 超压防护 |
13.260 | Protection against electric shock | 电击防护 |
13.280 | Radiation protection | 辐射防护 |
13.300 | Protection against dangerous goods | 危险品防护 |
13.310 | Protection against crime | 犯罪行为防范 |
13.320 | Alarm and warning systems | 预警和报警系统 |
13.340 | Protective equipment | 防护设备 |
13.340.01 | Protective equipment in general | 防护设备综合 |
13.340.10 | Protective clothing | 防护服装 |
13.340.20 | Head protective equipment | 头部防护设备 |
13.340.30 | Respiratory protective devices | 呼吸保护装置 |
13.340.40 | Protective gloves | 防护手套 |
13.340.50 | Protective footwear | 防护鞋袜 |
13.340.99 | Other protective equipment | 其他防护设备 |
17 | METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT. PHYSICAL PHENOMENA | 计量学和测量、物理现象 |
17.020 | Metrology and measurement in general | 计量学和测量综合 |
17.040 | Linear and angular measurements | 长度和角度测量 |
17.040.01 | Linear and angular measurements in general | 长度和角度测量综合 |
17.040.10 | Limits and fits | 公差与配合 |
17.040.20 | Properties of surfaces | 表面特征 |
17.040.30 | Measuring instruments | 测量仪器仪表 |
17.040.99 | Other standards related to linear and angular measurements | 有关长度和角度测量的其他标准 |
17.060 | Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity | 体积、质量、密度和粘度的测量 |
17.080 | Measurement of time, velocity, acceleration, angular velocity | 时间、速度、加速度、角速度的测量 |
17.100 | Measurement of force, weight and pressure | 力、重力和压力的测量 |
17.120 | Measurement of fluid flow | 流体流量的测量 |
17.120.01 | Measurement of fluid flow in general | 流体流量的测量综合 |
17.120.10 | Flow in closed conduits | 封闭管道中流量的测量 |
17.120.20 | Flow in open channels | 明渠中流量的测量 |
17.140 | Acoustics and acoustic measurements | 声学和声学测量 |
17.140.01 | Acoustics measurements and noise abatement in general | 声学测量和噪声抑制综合 |
17.140.20 | Noise emitted by machines and equipment | 机器和设备的噪声 |
17.140.30 | Noise emitted by means of transport | 运输工具的噪声 |
17.140.50 | Electroacoustics | 电声学 |
17.140.99 | Other standards related to acoustics | 有关声学的其他标准 |
17.160 | Vibrations, shock and vibration measurements | 振动、冲击和振动测量 |
17.180 | Optics and optical measurements | 光学和光学测量 |
17.180.01 | Optics and optical measurements in general | 光学和光学测量综合 |
17.180.20 | Colours and measurement of light | 颜色和光的测量 |
17.180.30 | Optical measuring instruments | 光学测量仪器 |
17.180.99 | Other standards related to optics and optical measurements | 有关光学和光学测量的其他标准 |
17.200 | Thermodynamics and temperature measurements | 热力学和温度测量 |
17.200.01 | Thermodynamics in general | 热力学综合 |
17.200.10 | Heat. Calorimetry | 热、量热学 |
17.200.20 | Temperature-measuring instruments | 温度测量仪器仪表 |
17.200.99 | Other standards related to thermodynamics | 有关热力学的其他标准 |
17.220 | Electricity. Magnetism. Electrical and magnetic measurements | 电学、磁学、电和磁的测量 |
17.220.01 | Electricity. Magnetism. General aspects | 电学、磁学一般特性 |
17.220.20 | Measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities | 电和磁量值的测量 |
17.220.99 | Other standards related to electricity and magnetism | 有关电学和磁学的其他标准 |
17.240 | Radiation measurements | 辐射测量 |
19 | TESTING | 试验 |
19.020 | Test conditions and procedures in general | 试验条件和规程综合 |
19.040 | Environmental testing | 环境试验 |
19.060 | Mechanical testing | 机械试验 |
19.080 | Electrical and electronic testing | 电工和电子试验 |
19.100 | Non-destructive testing | 无损检测 |
19.120 | Particle size analysis. sieving | 粒度分析、筛分 |
21 | MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR GENERAL USE | 机械系统和通用件 |
21.020 | Characteristics and design of machines, apparatus, equipment | 机器、装置、设备的特性和设计 |
21.040 | Screw threads | 螺纹 |
21.040.01 | Screw threads in general | 螺纹综合 |
21.040.10 | Metric screw threads | 米制螺纹 |
21.040.20 | Inch screw threads | 英制螺纹 |
21.040.30 | Special screw threads | 特殊螺纹 |
21.060 | Fasteners | 紧固件 |
21.060.01 | Fasteners in general | 紧固件综合 |
21.060.10 | Bolts, screws, studs | 螺栓、螺钉、螺柱 |
21.060.20 | Nuts | 螺母 |
21.060.30 | Washers, locking elements | 垫圈、锁紧件 |
21.060.40 | Rivets | 铆钉 |
21.060.50 | Pins, nails | 销、钉 |
21.060.60 | Rings, bushes, sleeves, collars | 环、套管、管接头、承插 |
21.060.70 | Clamps and staples | 卡箍和U形环 |
21.060.99 | Other fasteners | 其他紧固件 |
21.080 | Hinges, eyelets and other articulated joints | 铰链、孔眼和其他关节连接件 |
21.100 | Bearings | 轴承 |
21.100.01 | Bearings in general | 轴承综合 |
21.100.10 | Plain bearings | 滑动轴承 |
21.100.20 | Rolling bearings | 滚动轴承 |
21.120 | Shafts and couplings | 轴和联轴器 |
21.120.01 | Shafts and couplings in general | 轴和联轴器综合 |
21.120.10 | Shafts | 轴 |
21.120.20 | Couplings | 联轴器、离合器、磨擦器 |
21.120.30 | Keys and keyways, splines | 键和键槽、花键 |
21.120.40 | Balancing and balancing machines | 平衡和平衡机 |
21.120.99 | Other standards related to shafts and couplings | 有关轴和联轴器的其他标准 |
21.140 | Seals, glands | 密封件、密封装置 |
21.160 | Springs | 弹簧 |
21.180 | Housings, enclosures, other machine parts | 机箱、外壳、其他机械部件 |
21.200 | Gears | 齿轮及齿轮传动 |
21.220 | Flexible drives and transmissions | 挠性传动和传送 |
21.220.01 | Flexible drives and transmissions in general | 挠性传动和传送综合 |
21.220.10 | Belt drives and their components | 带传动及其零件 |
21.220.20 | Cable or rope drives and their components | 缆索或绳索传动及其零件 |
21.220.30 | Chain drives and their components | 链传动及其零件 |
21.220.99 | Other flexible drives and transmissions | 其它挠性传动和传送 |
21.240 | Rotary-reciprocating mechanisms and their parts | 旋转-往复式机构及其部件 |
21.260 | Lubrication systems | 润滑系统 |
23 | FLUID SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR GENERAL USE | 流体系统和通用件 |
23.020 | Fluid storage devices | 流体存储装置 |
23.020.01 | Fluid storage devices in general | 流体存储装置综合 |
23.020.10 | Stationary containers and tanks | 固定容器和罐 |
23.020.20 | Vessels and containers mounted on vehicles | 车载槽罐和容器 |
23.020.30 | Pressure vessels, gas cylinders | 压力容器、气瓶 |
23.020.40 | Cryogenic vessels | 低温容器 |
23.020.99 | Other fluid storage devices | 其他流体存储装置 |
23.040 | Pipeline components and pipelines | 管道部件和管道 |
23.040.01 | Pipeline components and pipelines in general | 管道部件和管道综合 |
23.040.10 | Iron and steel pipes | 铁管和钢管 |
23.040.15 | Non-ferrous metal pipes | 有色金属管 |
23.040.20 | Plastics pipes | 塑料管 |
23.040.40 | Metal fittings | 金属配件 |
23.040.45 | Plastics fittings | 塑料配件 |
23.040.50 | Pipes and fittings of other materials | 其他材料的管和配件 |
23.040.60 | Flanges, couplings and joints | 法兰、管接头及其连接件 |
23.040.70 | Hoses and hose assemblies | 软管和软管组件 |
23.040.80 | Seals for pipe and hose assemblies | 管和软管组件的密封 |
23.040.99 | Other pipeline components | 其他管道部件 |
23.060 | Valves | 阀门 |
23.060.01 | Valves in general | 阀门综合 |
23.060.10 | Globe valves | 球阀 |
23.060.20 | Ball and plug valves | 球闸阀和旋塞阀 |
23.060.30 | Gate valves | 闸阀 |
23.060.40 | Pressure regulators | 压力调节器 |
23.060.50 | Check valves | 止回阀 |
23.060.99 | Other valves | 其他阀门 |
23.080 | Pumps | 泵 |
23.100 | Fluid power systems | 流体动力系统 |
23.100.01 | Fluid power systems in general | 流体动力系统综合 |