前言
Linux二进制软件包分为几个派系，其中deb与rpm主流派。每个派系的资源都不一样。
一、rpm与deb的区别
有些系统只支持使用rpm有的只支持包装安装deb混乱的安装会导致系统问题。
RPM(Red Hat Package Manager)，是基于Red hat的Linux Distribution包管理系统也指rpm包本身，RPM用于rpm包管理(如安装、卸载、升级等。Mandrake和SuSE这些基于RPM发行版通常有自己的特定版本rpm包。 第三方发行的混合安装可能不正常工作rpm一般来说，基于RPM正常安装在系统上。
对于基于Debian的系统使用deb格式包可用于安装和升级dpkg，然而，它不能很容易地处理包的依赖关系，这更容易dselect和apt-get, Ubunut是debian的变种, 其软件以deb以包或源文件的形式出现。
rpm包主要用于redhat及分支如redhat，centos，Fedora等。 deb包主要用于debian及分支如debian，ubuntu等。
rpm相对而言，版本不是最新的，但相对稳定；和deb包则的版本相对较新。一般来说，一个新软件可能会出来deb但在使用过程中很容易造成包bugs。
二、工具安装
2.1 apt端（ubuntu/debian）
apt该软件默认包含，直接执行以下安装命令。
apt install -y alien 2.2 yum端（redhat/centos）
由于yum该软件不包括在官方内，因此安装前需要添加源，命令步骤如下：
yum install -y epel-release rpm --import http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/RPM-GPG-KEY-nux.ro rpm -Uvh http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el7/x86_64/nux-dextop-release-0-5.el7.nux.noarch.rpm 然后更新源(可选)
yum update 最后是安装
yum install -y alien 2.3 安装完成
执行下列命令，验证安装是否成功
[root@localhost ~]# alien -V alien version 8.95 三、包转换
[root@localhost ~]# alien You must specify a file to convert. Usage: alien [options] file [...] file [...] Package file or files to convert. -d, --to-deb Generate a Debian deb package (default). Enables these options: --patch=<patch> Specify patch file to use instead of automatically looking for patch in /var/lib/alien. --nopatch Do not use patches. --anypatch Use even old version os patches. -s, --single Like --generate, but do not create .orig directory. --fixperms Munge/fix permissions and owners. --test Test generated packages with lintian. -r, --to-rpm Generate a Red Hat rpm package. --to-slp Generate a Stampede slp package. -l, --to-lsb Generate a LSB package. -t, --to-tgz Generate a Slackware tgz package. Enables these options: --description=<desc> Specify package description. --version=<version> Specify package version. -p, --to-pkg Generate a Solaris pkg package. -i, --install Install generated package. -g, --generate Generate build tree, but do not build package. -c, --scripts Include scrits in package.
--target=<arch> Set architecture of the generated package.
-v, --verbose Display each command alien runs.
--veryverbose Be verbose, and also display output of run commands.
-k, --keep-version Do not change version of generated package.
--bump=number Increment package version by this number.
-h, --help Display this help message.
-V, --version Display alien's version number.
从上面的信息可以看出，常用的两个参数为:
-d #转为deb
-r #转为rpm
3.1 rpm转deb
首先使用下载一个rpm包，以下载 mce-inject 工具为例：
[root@localhost ~]# yum search mce-inject # 查找 mce-inject 程序所在的包名
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* epel: hkg.mirror.rackspace.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* nux-dextop: li.nux.ro
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
=================================================================================== Matched: mce-inject ====================================================================================
ras-utils.x86_64 : RAS Utilities # mce-inject 程序所在的包名为：ras-utils.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# yum install --downloadonly ras-utils # 只下载，不安装；因为后续要将下载的rpm包转换为deb包
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* epel: hkg.mirror.rackspace.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* nux-dextop: li.nux.ro
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package ras-utils.x86_64 0:7.0-6.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
============================================================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
============================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
ras-utils x86_64 7.0-6.el7 base 156 k
Transaction Summary
============================================================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 156 k
Installed size: 453 k
Background downloading packages, then exiting:
ras-utils-7.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm | 156 kB 00:00:05
exiting because "Download Only" specified
[root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# find / -name "ras-utils-7.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm"
/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/ras-utils-7.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# cp /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/ras-utils-7.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm . # 拷贝到当前路径
[root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# alien -d ras-utils-7.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm # 将 rpm 包转换为 deb 包
ras-utils_7.0-7_amd64.deb generated
[root@localhost ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# ls ras-utils
ras-utils-7.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm ras-utils_7.0-7_amd64.deb # 转换完成
将deb包发送到 ubuntu/debian，进行安装：
root@:/home/admin# dpkg -i ras-utils_7.0-7_amd64.deb
Selecting previously unselected package ras-utils.
(Reading database ... 41122 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack ras-utils_7.0-7_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking ras-utils (7.0-7) ...
Setting up ras-utils (7.0-7) ...
root@:/home/admin#
root@:/home/admin# mc # mce-inject 即为安装的程序
mce-inject mcelog mcookie
3.2 deb转rpm
使用下面的命令进行转换
root@sonic:/home/admin# alien -r ras-utils_7.0-7_amd64.deb # 开始转换
ras-utils-7.0-8.x86_64.rpm generated
root@sonic:/home/admin#
root@sonic:/home/admin# ls ras-utils
ras-utils_7.0-7_amd64.deb ras-utils-7.0-8.x86_64.rpm # 转换完成
root@sonic:/home/admin#
将 rpm 包发送到 redhat/centos，进行安装：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -i ras-utils-7.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm # 安装完成
[root@localhost ~]# mc # mce-inject 即为安装的程序
mcat mce-inject mcheck mcomp mcopy mc-wait-for-name
mcd mcelog mclasserase mcookie mc-tool
[root@localhost ~]#
链接地址 mcelog 链接地址1 mcelog 链接地址2